Unicode
PEP 393 completely changed the internal format of Python's Unicode implementation. It does away with the concept of wide and narrow unicode builds. The encoding of a string now depends on its maximum codepoint; there are 1-byte, 2-byte, or 4-byte strings internally. This means, for example, that strings with only ASCII characters can be represented in their most compact format. Partially as a consequence, Unicode standard compilance has improved. Indexing strings always gives code points not surrogates like on < 3.3 narrow builds.str.lower()
, str.upper()
, and str.title()
have been fixed to use full Unicode case-mappings instead of the simple 1-1 ones. The str.casefold
method implements the Unicode casefolding algorithm.
If the gods of PyCon talk selection smile on me, I will be giving a talk about this and the history of Unicode in Python.
Glorious Return of the "u" Prefix
Python 3.3 allows theu
in front of strings again. Since the b
prefix is supported from Python 2.6, code which wants to support 2.x and 3.3 shouldn't need to use unpleasant kludges like six's u()
and b()
functions. I don't think it would be unreasonable for libraries to only support 2.7 and 3.3+ now just to have the more natural string syntaxes.
Many Nice Things
One of the annoyances in previous Python 3 versions was it was impossible to turn off PEP 3134's implicit exception chaining. Theraise exc from None
syntax introduced in 3.3 prevents the __context__
of an exception from being printed.
There were improvements in exceptions themselves. PEP 3151 merged
IOError
, OSError
, WindowsError
, and various error types in the standard library. It also created a hierarchy of specialized exception subclasses. This means that most code dealing with IO errors won't have to dig into the errno
module. For example, this standard pattern
try:
fp = open("data", "rb")
except OSError as e:
if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
raise
# Create file
try:
fp = open("data", "rb")
except FileNotFoundError:
# Create file
"x"
mode in open()
.)
The errors from incorrect call signatures have improved:
Python 3.3.0+ (3.3:7e83c8ccb1ba, Sep 29 2012, 10:34:54)
[GCC 4.5.4] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> def f(a, b, c=5, *, kw1, kw2): pass
...
>>> f(1, kw2=42)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() missing 1 required positional argument: 'b'
>>> f(1, 2, kw2=42)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'kw1'
ArgumentsError
subclass of TypeError
which provides programmatic access to the signature mismatch, but this is a start.
The new standard library modules, ipaddress, lzma, a dn unittest.mock are certainly worth a look.
The Windows installer has an option to set up PATH for you.
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Great post! Python 3.3 is definitely an underrated version with some key improvements like the yield from statement and the __qualname__ attribute for better introspection. It was a pivotal release that enhanced the language's performance and structure, especially for asynchronous programming. It's always interesting to see how each version builds on the strengths of the previous ones. Thanks for highlighting Python 3.3 — it's a great reminder of the evolution that brought us closer to the robust Python we use today!
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